Dr Barnardo's name for many is synonymous with orphanages. The first orphanage was set up in Stepney in the East End of London in 1870 and by the time Dr Barnardo died there were nearly 8,000 children in 96 residential homes.
In 2005 the charity no longer runs orphanages but supports more than 100,000 children, young people and families across the UK in 361 projects.
The report, Then and Now, shows that in many ways the problems have not changed for today's children.
It highlights five of these areas - poverty, health and well-being, substance misuse, crime and justice, and sexual exploitation - and compares the circumstances and expectations of children in 1905 with 2005.
In 1905, with the poor lacking in basic human needs for food, clean water, shelter and sanitation, poverty was described in absolute terms.
According to Barnardo's, 100 years on, a quarter of children in the UK today live in relative poverty and 17 per cent live in absolute poverty with no access to basic human needs.
The most common causes of death for children admitted to Barnardo's care in 1905 were those such as diarrhoea and respiratory diseases resulting from living in overcrowded and unsanitary housing.
In 2005, poor and overcrowded housing is still a major concern and homelessness is still a major issue - around 100,000 children in the UKdo not have a permanent place to live.
In its centenary year Barnardo's hopes to raise 1m to fund 16 community-based services across the UK to help children who have been victims of sexual exploitation.
Then and Now is at www.barnardos.org.uk
